A basic asm statement has the following syntax:
asm [ volatile ] ( AssemblerInstructions )
The asm keyword is a GNU extension.
When writing code that can be compiled with -ansi and the
various -std options, use __asm__ instead of
asm (see Alternate Keywords).
volatileThe optional volatile qualifier has no effect.
All basic asm blocks are implicitly volatile.
This is a literal string that specifies the assembler code. The string can contain any instructions recognized by the assembler, including directives. GCC does not parse the assembler instructions themselves and does not know what they mean or even whether they are valid assembler input.
You may place multiple assembler instructions together in a single asm
string, separated by the characters normally used in assembly code for the
system. A combination that works in most places is a newline to break the
line, plus a tab character (written as ‘\n\t’).
Some assemblers allow semicolons as a line separator. However,
note that some assembler dialects use semicolons to start a comment.
Using extended asm (see Extended Asm - Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands) typically produces
smaller, safer, and more efficient code, and in most cases it is a
better solution than basic asm. However, there are two
situations where only basic asm can be used:
asm statements have to be inside a C
function, so to write inline assembly language at file scope (“top-level”),
outside of C functions, you must use basic asm.
You can use this technique to emit assembler directives,
define assembly language macros that can be invoked elsewhere in the file,
or write entire functions in assembly language.
naked attribute also require basic asm
(see Declaring Attributes of Functions).
Safely accessing C data and calling functions from basic asm is more
complex than it may appear. To access C data, it is better to use extended
asm.
Do not expect a sequence of asm statements to remain perfectly
consecutive after compilation. If certain instructions need to remain
consecutive in the output, put them in a single multi-instruction asm
statement. Note that GCC’s optimizers can move asm statements
relative to other code, including across jumps.
asm statements may not perform jumps into other asm statements.
GCC does not know about these jumps, and therefore cannot take
account of them when deciding how to optimize. Jumps from asm to C
labels are only supported in extended asm.
Under certain circumstances, GCC may duplicate (or remove duplicates of) your assembly code when optimizing. This can lead to unexpected duplicate symbol errors during compilation if your assembly code defines symbols or labels.
Warning: The C standards do not specify semantics for asm,
making it a potential source of incompatibilities between compilers. These
incompatibilities may not produce compiler warnings/errors.
GCC does not parse basic asm’s AssemblerInstructions, which
means there is no way to communicate to the compiler what is happening
inside them. GCC has no visibility of symbols in the asm and may
discard them as unreferenced. It also does not know about side effects of
the assembler code, such as modifications to memory or registers. Unlike
some compilers, GCC assumes that no changes to either memory or registers
occur. This assumption may change in a future release.
To avoid complications from future changes to the semantics and the
compatibility issues between compilers, consider replacing basic asm
with extended asm. See
How to convert
from basic asm to extended asm for information about how to perform this
conversion.
The compiler copies the assembler instructions in a basic asm
verbatim to the assembly language output file, without
processing dialects or any of the ‘%’ operators that are available with
extended asm. This results in minor differences between basic
asm strings and extended asm templates. For example, to refer to
registers you might use ‘%eax’ in basic asm and
‘%%eax’ in extended asm.
On targets such as x86 that support multiple assembler dialects,
all basic asm blocks use the assembler dialect specified by the
-masm command-line option (see x86 Options).
Basic asm provides no
mechanism to provide different assembler strings for different dialects.
Here is an example of basic asm for i386:
/* Note that this code will not compile with -masm=intel */
#define DebugBreak() asm("int $3")